# Latexify.jl

Latexify.jl is a package which supplies functions for producing $\LaTeX$ formatted strings from Julia objects. The package allows for latexification of a many different kinds of Julia object and it can output several different $\LaTeX$ or Markdown environments.

A small teaser:

using Latexify
Latexify.set_default(; starred=true)
m = [2//3 "e^(-c*t)" 1+3im; :(x/(x+k_1)) "gamma(n)" :(log10(x))]
latexify(m)
\begin{equation*} \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} \frac{2}{3} & e^{\left( - c \right) \cdot t} & 1+3\mathit{i} \\ \frac{x}{x + k_{1}} & \Gamma\left( n \right) & \log_{10}\left( x \right) \\ \end{array} \right] \end{equation*}

## Supported input

This package supplies functionality for latexifying objects of the following types:

• Expressions,
• Strings,
• Numbers (including rational and complex),
• Missing,
• Symbols,
• Symbolic expressions from SymEngine.jl,
• DataFrame from DataFrames.jl,
• Any shape of array containing a mix of any of the above types,
• ParameterizedFunctions from DifferentialEquations.jl,
• ReactionNetworks from DifferentialEquations.jl

Example:

str = "x/(2*k_1+x^2)"
latexify(str)
$\frac{x}{2 \cdot k_{1} + x^{2}}$

## Supported output

Latexify has support for generating a range of different $\LaTeX$ environments. The main function of the package, latexify(), automatically picks a suitable output environment based on the type(s) of the input. However, you can override this by passing the keyword argument env =. The following environments are available:

environmentenv=description
no env:rawLatexifies an object and returns a $\LaTeX$ formatted string. If the input is an array it will be recursed and all its elements latexified. This function does not surround the resulting string in any $\LaTeX$ environments.
Inline:inlinelatexify the input and surround it with for inline rendering. Align:alignLatexifies input and surrounds it with an align environment. Useful for systems of equations and such fun stuff. Equation:equation or :eqLatexifies input and surrounds it with an equation environment. Array:arrayLatexify the elements of an Array or a Dict and output them in a\LaTeX$array. Tabular:table or :tabularLatexify the elements of an array and output a tabular environment. Note that tabular is not supported by MathJax and will therefore not be rendered in Jupyter, etc. Markdown Table:mdtableOutput a Markdown table. This will be rendered nicely by Jupyter, etc. Markdown Text:mdtextOutput and render any string which can be parsed into Markdown. This is really nothing but a call to Base.Markdown.parse(), but it does the trick. Useful for rendering bullet lists and such things. Chemical arrow notation:chem, :chemical, :arrow or :arrowsLatexify an AbstractReactionNetwork to$\LaTeX$formatted chemical arrow notation using mhchem. ## Modifying the output Some of the different outputs can be modified using keyword arguments. You can for example transpose an array with transpose=true or specify a header of a table or mdtable with header=[]. For more options, see the List of possible arguments. ## Printing vs displaying latexify() returns a LaTeXString. Using display() on such a string will try to render it. latexify("x/y") |> display $$$\frac{x}{y}$$$ Using print() will output text which is formatted for latex. latexify("x/y") |> print $\frac{x}{y}$ ## Number formatting You can control the formatting of numbers by passing any of the following to the fmt keyword: • a printf-style formatting string, for example fmt = "%.2e". • a single argument function, for example fmt = x -> round(x, sigdigits=2). • a formatter supplied by Latexify.jl, for example fmt = FancyNumberFormatter(2) (thanks to @simeonschaub). You can pass any of these formatters an integer argument which specifies how many significant digits you want. • FancyNumberFormatter() replaces the exponent notation, from 1.2e+3 to 1.2 \cdot 10^3. • StyledNumberFormatter() replaces the exponent notation, from 1.2e+3 to 1.2 \mathrm{e} 3. Examples: latexify(12345.678; fmt="%.1e")$1.2e+04$$$$1.2e+04$$$ latexify([12893.1 1.328e2; "x/y" 7832//2378]; fmt=FancyNumberFormatter(3)) \begin{equation*} \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1.29 \cdot 10^{4} & 133 \\ \frac{x}{y} & \frac{3916}{1189} \\ \end{array} \right] \end{equation*} $$$$$\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1.29 \cdot 10^{4} & 133 \\ \frac{x}{y} & \frac{3916}{1189} \\ \end{array} \right]$$$$$ using Formatting latexify([12893.1 1.328e2]; fmt=x->format(round(x, sigdigits=2), autoscale=:metric)) \begin{equation*} \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 13k & 130 \\ \end{array} \right] \end{equation*} ## Automatic copying to clipboard The strings that you would see when using print on any of the above functions can be automatically copied to the clipboard if you so specify. Since I do not wish to mess with your clipboard without you knowing it, this feature must be activated by you. To do so, run copy_to_clipboard(true) To once again disable the feature, pass false to the same function. The copying to the clipboard will now occur at every call to a Latexify.jl function, regardless of how you chose to display the output. ## Automatic displaying of result You can toggle whether the result should be automatically displayed. Instead of latexify("x/y") |> display ## or display( latexify("x/y") ) one can toggle automatic display by: auto_display(true) after which all calls to latexify will automatically be displayed. This can be rather convenient, but it can also cause a lot of unwanted printouts if you are using latexify in any form of loop. You can turn off this behaviour again by passing false to the same function. ## Setting your own defaults If you get tired of specifying the same keyword argument over and over in a session, you can just reset its default: set_default(fmt = "%.2f", convert_unicode = false) Note that this changes Latexify.jl from within and should therefore only be used in your own Julia sessions (do not call this from within your packages). The calls are additive so that a new call with set_default(cdot = false) will not cancel out the changes we just made to fmt and convert_unicode. To view your changes, use get_default() and to reset your changes, use reset_default() ## Macros Three macros are exported. • @latexify simply latexifies the expression that you provide to it, similar to latexify(:(...)). • @latexrun both executes and latexifies the given expression. • @latexdefine executes the expression, and latexifies the expression together with the its value They can for example be useful for latexifying simple mathsy functions like julia> lstr = @latexrun f(x; y=2) = x/y L"$f\left( x; y = 2 \right) = \frac{x}{y}$" julia> f(1) 0.5 julia> @latexdefine x = 1/2 L"$x = \frac{1}{2} = 0.5

julia> x
0.5

The arguments to the macro can be interpolated with $ to use the actual value, instead of the representation: julia> @latexify x = abs2(-3) L"$x = \left|-3\right|^{2}$" julia> @latexify x =$(abs2(-3))
L"$x = 9$"

Keyword arguments can be supplied after these macros:

julia> @latexdefine x env=:equation
L"$$x = 0.5$$
"

A special keyword post can be supplied to @latexdefine, which is a function that will be called on the final right hand sign before latexification. This is merely formatting and will not affect any assignments.

julia> @latexdefine x=π  post=round
L"$x = \pi = 3.0$"

julia> @latexdefine x
L"$x = \pi$"

## External rendering

While LaTeXStrings already render nicely in many IDEs or in Jupyter, they do not render in the REPL. Therefore, we provide a function render(str) which generates a standalone PDF using LuaLaTeX and opens that file in your default PDF viewer.

I have found the following syntax pretty useful:

latexify(:(x/y)) |> render

Alternatively, render(str, mime) can also be used to generate and display DVI, PNG and SVG files, which might be useful for other purposes:

latexify(:(x/y)) |> s -> render(s, MIME("image/png"))

PNG output relies on ghostscript or alternatively on dvipng: if render is called with the keyword convert = :gs, ghostcript will be used to convert the pdf output to png format.

SVG output relies on dvisvgm or alternatively on pdf2svg.

If your code requires specific packages or document classes to render correctly, you can supply those as keyword arguments:

L"\qty{1.25}{nm}" |> render(s, MIME("image/png"); documentclass="article", packages=("microtype", ("siunitx", exponent-product="\cdot")))

The arguments to these are either strings, or tuples of strings where the first one is the name of the package or class, and any further are optional arguments.

One can use Latexify together with ImageInTerminal to render equations in a sixel compatible terminal, where the size of the sixel encoded image can be controlled using dpi:

using ImageInTerminal, Latexify

latexify(:(iħ * (∂Ψ(𝐫, t) / ∂t) = -ħ^2 / 2m * ΔΨ(𝐫, t) + V * Ψ(𝐫, t))) |> s -> render(s, dpi=200)

## Legacy support

Latexify.jl has stopped supporting Julia versions older than 0.7. This does not mean that you cannot use Latexify with earlier versions, just that these will not get new features. Latexify.jl's release v0.4.1 was the last which supported Julia 0.6. Choose that release in the dropdown menu if you want to see that documentation.